Mexican Halloween: TORONTO — El Día de los Muertos — or Day of the Dead — is not Mexican Halloween. There is some dressing up, there are skeletons and it does happen to take place around the time of Halloween, but no.
The holiday, with origins from pre-Columbian Mesoamerica rituals in southern Mexico, brings observers together to celebrate and honour the lives of dead family members and friends.
Between Oct. 31 and Nov. 2, streets, homes and public spaces of Mexican towns and cities are lined with colourful, intricate garlands (or banners) made of paper and flowers. During parades and festivals, observers dress up in macabre, yet colourful, skeleton-like face paint and costumes.
El Día de los Muertos – on Nov. 2 — is the culmination of a series of celebrations, with some of the days specifically honouring people who died by suicide, as children, or in accidents.
“(The last day) ends up being a bit of a party with families spending time at the cemetery at the tombstones of their loved ones,” Berenice Villagomez, co-ordinator of Latin American Studies at the University of Toronto, told CTVNews.ca in a phone interview.
In the lead-up to the day, observers build ofrendas –or altars — as collective memorials filled with portraits of those who’ve passed on, sweet bread rolls, candles and dishes they enjoyed in life. Villagomez explained that different regions highlight their own meals.
Observers believe during this part of the year, loved ones can return from the Chicunamictlán — the land of the dead — because the border between the real and spiritual world melts away.
ALTARS BUILT TO HONOUR DEAD, BECKON THEM BACK
A man arranges skeletons in a Day of the Dead altar in Mexico City on Oct. 31, 2017. (AP / Rebecca Blackwell)
The ofrendas — typically set up in people’s homes or at graves — contain items to “welcome them back to the earth,” said University of Regina history professor Scarlet Munoz Ramirez in a phone interview. “(They’re made by) people trying to get closer to their dead loved ones.”
Marigold flower petals, for example, are believed to help guide the dead, with bottles of tequila and Atole (a traditional corn-based drink) being offered as a way to guide late loved ones to the land of the dead.
Ramirez, who specializes in colonial Mexican history, notes that the ofrendas are typically a blend of Indigenous and Catholic symbols, such as statues of the Virgin Mary and crucifixes.
In parts of Latin America, Día de los Muertos is marked with families remembering the dead with graveside picnics, all-night vigils and prayer gatherings.
“For me it makes me feel very happy to see it be more common – especially when people learn about the background of it,” Ramirez said.
ORIGINS STEMMED FROM AZTECS, NAHAU PEOPLE
People pass under an archway made out of a skull sculpture in Chapultepec, Mexico, Oct. 31, 2019. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte)
Some of the earliest origins of the tradition can be traced as far back to 2,000-3000 year-old rituals honouring the dead in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica.
The Nahau and Mexicas, Aztec people — who also incorporated other regional Indigenous groups’ customs — believed that death was part of the cyclical view of the universe.
Villagomez explains that Indigenous people believed the dead went to the land of the dead but spent years getting to their resting place. She notes the rituals originally took place in August and celebrated the Aztec goddess of the underworld, Mictecacíhuatl.
Living family members would leave water and food out to help the dead get to their final resting place — which is what contemporary ofrendas were inspired by.
Then, when Spanish colonizers came to the region, they carried Catholic holidays of All Saints Day and All Souls Day, celebrated on the first two days of November. “(Day of the Dead) was moved to correspond closer to these days,” Villagomez explained.
During these days, believers would blanket graves with candles and flowers to beckon the dead back to the living. Nov. 1 has since become the day to honour dead children, with Nov. 2, the day where families go to cemeteries and clean loved ones’ tombstones.
DISNEY’S ‘COCO,’ ‘SPECTRE’ PROPELLED HOLIDAY TO MAINSTREAM
This image released by Disney-Pixar shows a scene from the animated film, “Coco.” (Disney-Pixar via AP)
Traditionally, Day of the Dead was typically only celebrated in rural, Indigenous areas in southern Mexico but by the late 20th century — the 1980s — it began spreading to other cities.
In 2008, UNESCO added the country’s “indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead” to its list of so-called Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
But Villagomez pointed out that it wasn’t necessarily celebrated as a national holiday until even more recently. And a lot of that had to do with non-Mexicans taking note.
Day of The Dead iconography has been featured in non-Latinx mainstream pop culture, including the 2015 James Bond movie “Spectre” and SYFY’s short-lived TV show “Deadly Class.”
The year after the Bond flick, Mexico City held its first Day of the Dead parade, Ramirez points out. In 2017, similar city-wide celebrations wereseen in several U.S. cities such asLos Angeles, San Antonio and Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
But arguably, one of the more prominent examples was Disney’s 2017 Academy-Award-winning film “Coco.” The animated movie– inspired by the Mexican celebrations and folk art — followed the story of a 12-year-old boy accidentally getting trapped in the Land of the Dead.
The film draws heavily from the Mayan tradition of the three deaths including the physical death, the soul unlinking from the body and living loved ones forgetting about the dead.
“Both ‘Spectre’ and ‘Coco’ in a roundabout way have brought the tradition (of Day of the Dead) to all of Mexico,” Villagomez said. “They’ve shaped the reception of (the holiday).”
She only warned against non-Mexicans embracing the costumes without looking at the meaning of the holiday. “Remembering your roots is never a bad thing — your ancestors and where you’re from,” she said. “But people should realize what it is.”
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Many still wonder if there is life after death. Throughout history, some have even put that question to practice—creating tradition out of mystery. Such traditions go back thousands of years to pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, where some of the earliest rituals honoring the dead began to take shape.
According to tradition, when the door of heaven opens at midnight on October 31, the soul of a deceased person may interact with their loved ones on Earth. The door remains open only until November 2, the Day of The Dead, when the spirit returns to the afterlife.
Mysterious Coincidence
A few weeks ago, families gathered together to celebrate two fall-favorite holidays. But the proximity of the dates of Halloween and Día de Los Muertos is a mere coincidence. Originally, neither had to do with the other.
A pagan celebration resulting from Christian syncretism and the Celtic festival of Samhain, Halloween was first established to mark the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter every October 31st.
The feast of All Saints, celebrated on November 1, was officially established by Pope Boniface IV in order to honor all the saints at one time. But the festivity originated almost 700 years before the creation of Halloween, and the commemoration date was included in the Catholic calendar by order of Pope Gregory IV.
Halloween had its first mention in the 16th century as a derivation of the expression “All Hallows Eve”, (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints’ Day) reaching the United States in the mid-19th century. The traditional festival also had its heyday in Ireland, where it is customary to carve pumpkins to use as lamps, also known as “Jack O’Lantern.
Laughing In The Face Of Death
For some, it may seem a bit strange to pay tribute to the memory of those who are no longer with us amid such a joyful time of year and with such joyful celebration. In Mexico, families observe the Day of the Dead by decorating the houses of the deceased with colorful altars. Next to their loved ones’ photographs, they place offerings such as the “bread of the dead,” their favorite fruit, drink, and other things the person enjoyed in life.
The festival also extends to the graves of the deceased in several cemeteries in rural areas throughout Mexico. For altar decorations, families use Cempasuchil, (Marigold) a plant with beautiful orange flowers that attract attention due to their showiness. Coincidentally, their tones are similar to those of Halloween pumpkins.
Although we see skulls on Halloween, they are not as vital for decoration as they are during Día de Los Muertos, where skeletons made out of granulated white sugar and decorated with colors are the main reference pieces of the holiday. One of those skeletons, La Catrina, an elegant woman who dances among the graves dressed only in a hat, was created by the Mexican cartoonist José Guadalupe Posada, more than 100 years ago. She was called originally “La Calavera Garbancera”, a name which, according to historians, came from chickpea sellers who denied their indigenous heritage and imitated europeans.
The Sweetest Trick Or Treat
In ancient times, Mayans believed that skulls symbolized a kind of rebirth. During the November 2nd festivities, candy skulls filled with chocolate, jams, and other seasonal flavors usually sell out in Mexico. Sugar skulls, which originated with the arrival of the Spanish conquerors who kept the tradition as a sweet confection, are usually found adorning the altars dedicated to the dead. The use of skulls is a direct nod to the time of Mesoamerica altars, where indigenous peoples placed rows of sacrificed human heads to honor the gods.
With regards to Halloween sweets, the origins date back to an old Christian tradition of giving spiced biscuits known as “soul cakes” to those who religiously prayed for their loved ones on Halloween. The initial trick or treating was dated back in Ireland and Scotland in the 19th-century, people would go door to door reciting verses in exchange for food.
This tradition was brought to America by immigrants in the 1920s, however, trick or treating didn’t become a widespread practice until the 1930s. It is unknown where the phrase “trick or treat” was created, but it was established in the United States by 1951, when the expression was portrayed in the Peanuts comic strip.
Between the 1930s and 1950s the practice changed. It wasn’t until the early 1960 that Americans began to distribute candy, since it came wrapped and therefore seemed safer for little ones.
Celebrating Death Twice, Dos Fiestas
Halloween celebrations take place all over the United States.According to estimates by the National Retail Federation, families across the US spend about $ 8.8 billion a year on candy, costumes, and decorations, a sweet injection for the economy that comes with gigantic parades and numerous block parties.
One of the most colorful spectacles is the Halloween Parade in East Village, a vibrant neighborhood in New York City. For the past 45 years, this event has displayed more than 60,000 people in costumes and ornate floats.
Meanwhile, the Day of the Dead, although it does not have the same impact at the national level as Halloween, is gradually gaining ground, especially in cities with a strong presence of Mexican immigrants.
According to the Pew Research Center, more than 36 million people of Mexican origin live in the United States, in communities based mainly in California, Texas, Florida, and the city of Chicago.Some of the most impressive US-based celebrations include the famous Día de Muertos Parade in Dallas, the Olvera Street markets in Los Angeles, and the Catrinas Parade that navigates the RiverWalk in San Antonio.
During the past years, the beauty and cultural significance of Día de Los Muertos became better known to Americans with the arrival of the 2017 Disney film ‘Coco.’
The exciting story of the film recreates the tradition of Día de Los Muertos through the eyes of a young, mexican boy who got the chance to reunite with his loved ones by making a magical journey to the land of the dead. Coco’s message is to tell us we should value our family not only here on Earth , but when they pass as well.
This tradition that characterizes the Latinx community allows us to celebrate death twice, confirming that those who are not here are still alive as long as we remember them.
